{"id":1943,"date":"2010-04-18T16:34:50","date_gmt":"2010-04-18T14:34:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/azgad\/wordpress\/?p=1943"},"modified":"2010-04-18T16:34:50","modified_gmt":"2010-04-18T14:34:50","slug":"israel-and-science-a-love-story-a-special-project-for-israel%e2%80%99s-independence-day","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/?p=1943","title":{"rendered":"Israel and Science: A Love Story. A special project for Israel\u2019s independence day"},"content":{"rendered":"

.
\n\u05d2\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0<\/strong>
\n.
\nIt took a hundred years of solitude to wean
\n Israelis away from their idealistic aspiration
\n of becoming a \u201cpeople like any other people\u201d
\nand turn them away from manual labor, back
\n to a way of life predicated on knowledge
\n and research
\n .<\/p>\n

In the year 1924, after completing his studies
\n in pharmacology, my grandfather Yehiel Sochen,
\n son of the great Rabbi Abraham Halevi Sochen,
\nimmigrated to the land of Israel. Scion of an
\nillustrious dynasty of Lithuanian rabbis, the
\nrebellious youth decided to turn his life in a new
\nand radical direction \u2013 that of manual labor. Like
\n many members of his generation who immigrated
\n to the Land of Israel, he turned his back on a way
\n of life that sanctified learning and intellect, trading
\n it in for new ideals of simplicity, human solidarity,
\n partnership and back-breaking physical labor. He
\nhimself never looked back. He never worked as a
\npharmacist, never set foot in the research and
\ndevelopment department of a pharmaceutical
\ncompany. To his last day, he continued to work
\n as a simple construction laborer.
\n.
\nIn 1934, a stranger knocked on the door of the
\n modest abode belonging to my grandfather Yehiel
\nand his wife, Pnina, in Ra\u2019anana. Home alone was
\ntheir young son, the 5-year-old Isaac. \u201cIs Mrs.
\nSochen in?\u201d inquired the stranger. The boy, who
\n would eventually become my uncle, emerged
\nfrom the entrance and delivered a forceful kick
\n to the leg of the astonished stranger. "My mother
\nis not a Mrs.," he said proudly with an adamancy
\n that would, within a few years, become the
\n trademark of the so-called War of Independence
\n generation. "My mother is a worker!"
\n.
\nSeventy years later, my cousin Nir, Isaac\u2019s son,
\nis a scientist and lecturer in computer sciences at
\n Tel Aviv University, and the title "worker" no
\nlonger fills the heart of the true-blue Israeli
\nwith pride. Encapsulated in this family vignette
\n are the attitudes of four generations of Israelis.
\n After about 100 years of a romance with manual
\n labor, Israelis have returned to the scholarly
\n tradition of their forefathers. But now, they are
\n flooding the world with an astonishing, even
\ninspiring, torrent of inventions and ideas. As
\nAlfred Doolittle put it in the Lerner and Loewe
\n musical My Fair Lady:
\n.
\nThe Lord above gave man an arm of iron
\nSo he could do his job and never shirk.
\nThe Lord gave man an arm of iron \u2013 but
\nWith a little bit of luck, with a little bit of luck,
\nSomeone else'll do the blinkin' work!<\/strong>
\n.
\nSo now we, for our part, prefer to sit in air-conditioned
\n rooms, drink espresso, and dream up inventions to
\novertake the world by storm.
\n.
\nThis is what Israel looks like today: a huge reservoir
\nof creative minds seeking an outlet for their curiosity
\n and their capacity for invention and improvisation
\n \u2013 along with a Talmudic skepticism that does not
\n take any existing solution for granted and an
\nalmost impudent belief in their power to find more
\n accurate and more efficient solutions for every
\nhuman need. The Israeli track record is impressive:
\nThey\u2019re creating everything from new drugs and
\n medical instruments, to semiconductor technologies,
\nto advanced nanomaterials that dramatically improve
\n the efficiency of machines.
\n.
\nRecent international surveys have positioned
\nIsrael globally in first place in the areas of astrophysics
\n and the material sciences (including nanotechnology),
\n in second place worldwide in the computer sciences,
\n and in the global top ten in mathematics, chemistry,
\nand certain areas of the life sciences and physics.
\n Although Israel's population constitutes only 0.1
\n percent of the world's population, it produces
\n more than 1.0 percent of scientific publications
\nworldwide. In the ratio of scientific production to
\ngross domestic product, Israel is world champion. In
\n the ratio of population to scientific product, Israel
\noccupies third place in the world, after Switzerland
\nand Sweden. An additional index, the number
\nof patents registered in the United States per population,
\npositions Israel amongst the world's top ten countries.
\n.
\nHow did this come about? How and why was the
\ncircle closed? Why do we find ourselves flying
\nback to the point where our forefathers, those
\npioneers, left their parents in Europe at the start of
\nthe previous century? The simple truth is that this
\nending was foretold. The founders of Zionism \u2013
\nTheodore Herzl and Dr. Chaim Weizmann \u2013 viewed
\n science as a fundamental element of their
\nproposed Hebrew national revival. In 1882, Herman
\nC. Schapiro, a professor of mathematics at Heidelberg
\nUniversity, was already talking of establishing a
\n university in the Land of Israel. Schapiro contented
\n himself with establishing the Jewish National Fund.
\n But in 1924, the Technion was founded in Haifa,
\nfollowed by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1925;
\nand the Sieff Institute, forerunner of the Weizmann
\nInstitute of Science, was established in Rehovot in
\n1934. This might be the first case in history in which
\na people set up institutions for scientific research prior
\n to establishing its own state.
\n.
\nDuring the initial decades of the State of Israel,
\nits scientists virtually sanctified pure, basic science.
\nSuch words as "applied", "engineer" and "technological"
\n were almost considered dirty words. A well-known
\nsaying claimed that "a person searching for technology
\n in the halls of science is like one seeking love in the
\nred light district." The only exceptions to this rule
\nwere practical scientific studies designed to solve
\npressing problems of survival. Thus, for example,
\nduring World War II, when the Allies suffered a
\nshortage of drugs, the scientists at the Sieff Institute
\n developed substitutes for the treatment of malaria
\nand dysentery. Scientists and engineers at the
\nTechnion worked at developing spare parts for
\n planes and tanks, and at the Hebrew University,
\n others manufactured vital components for British
\n Royal Air Force transmitters. During Israel\u2019s War
\nof Independence, David Ben-Gurion, the country\u2019s
\nfirst Prime Minister and supreme commander of
\nthe Israeli army, established the Science Corps and
\nallocated to it what were, for those times, huge
\n resources.
\n.
\nBut the major reconciliation between basic science
\n and the world of technological application began
\nin the 1950s, when intellect was harnessed on behalf
\n of manual labor. Thus was progressive, high-tech
\nagriculture developed, and Israeli farming methods
\n soon attained a worldwide reputation. In those
\nsame years, the first few fundamental steps were
\n taken on the path toward transforming Israel into
\na high-tech society. In 1954, at the Weizmann
\n Institute of Science, WEIZAC \u2013 Israel\u2019s first
\nelectronic computer and the ninth in the world \u2013
\nwas built.<\/p>\n

.
\nJust how courageous and visionary the decision
\nwas to construct this computer in Israel can be
\ngauged by Albert Einstein\u2019s response to those
\n Americans and Israelis who solicited his advice
\non the matter: "I do not believe that such a small
\ncountry as Israel really needs the computer.\u201d In
\npractice, it was WEIZAC and the research activity
\nthat swarmed around it that engendered the
\naccelerated development of Israel\u2019s software industry,
\n which, by the 1990s, had garnered a worldwide
\nreputation. In the same year that WEIZAC
\nwas built \u20131954 \u2013 Nathan Rosen, who had
\nbeen Einstein's research partner, established a
\n physics department at the Technion. This department,
\n although it focused primarily on basic research in
\nastrophysics and cosmology, trained many scientists,
\nsome of whom would go on to captain Israel's
\ncompanies for advanced electronics, space and
\naviation.
\n.
\nThe next step came right after the Six-Day War,
\n when a government committee headed by
\nProfessor Ephraim Katzir of the Weizmann
\nInstitute (Katzir would later serve as the State of
\nIsrael's fourth president) recommended the appointment
\n of a chief scientist to be responsible for research and
\ndevelopment in every government ministry. The result:
\n Two-thirds of the general growth in productivity in
\n Israel from 1970 to 1997 was derived from research
\nand development activity. The growth rate of advanced
\n industry during these years was 16% per annum (in
\nother branches of the economy it was about 4%). Today
\n there are over 3,000 advanced industrial plants operating
\nin Israel, exporting products with a total value of $10 billion
\n per annum. To this figure can be added a similar volume
\n of sales by multinational corporations that develop and
\nsell products hatched in the laboratories of Israeli scientists.<\/p>\n

.
\nThe point here is that all of Israel\u2019s technological
\nand medical success stories had their start in basic
\nscientific research, which then led to the development
\n of applications. For example, the first drug to be
\ndeveloped in Israel and secure American Food and
\nDrug Administration (FDA) approval was Copaxone,
\n used to treat multiple sclerosis. The roots of this drug
\nare to be found in the research of Professor Ephraim
\nKatzir, who, back in the 1940s, prepared synthetic
\npolypeptides \u2013 long molecules resembling proteins.
\nTen years later, Katzir's student Professor Michael
\nSela (who would later serve as president of the
\nWeizmann Institute) discovered that these polypeptides
\ncould awaken the immune system. Sela, together with
\nhis student Professor Ruth Arnon (who would
\nbecome a vice president of the Weizmann Institute
\nand currently serves as president of the Association
\nof Academies of Sciences in Asia) and the late Dr.
\nDvora Teitelbaum, began to examine possible
\napplications for his molecules. And it was these
\nexperiments that led, thirty years later, to the
\ndevelopment and approval of the drug Copaxone.
\n Manufactured and marketed by the Israeli firm Teva
\nPharmaceuticals
\n Corporation, Copaxone is currently
\nsold worldwide and has a sales volume approaching
\n$1 billion per annum. This discovery effectively
\nadvanced Teva from a manufacturer of generic drugs
\nto an ethical pharmaceuticals company, transforming
\n it into an international pharmaceutical giant.
\n.
\nIn those same years, just a two-minute walk from
\n the laboratory of Sela and Arnon on the Weizmann
\ncampus, a separate research team headed by
\nProfessor Michel Revel was at work. Revel\u2019s
\nstory is especially relevant because it illustrates
\n the difference between institutions for basic
\nresearch and high-tech companies (and the
\n importance of investing in both). So, right next
\n to the birthplace of Copaxone, a second research
\ngroup was focusing on developing biotechnological
\n methods for manufacturing interferons \u2013
\nnatural chemical messengers that stimulate the
\n immune system. At first, researchers believed
\nthat interferons could be used to combat cancer,
\n and this became the basis of an agreement between
\n the Weizmann Institute and the European
\npharmaceutical company, Serono, to create the
\nbiotechnological company Interpharm for developing
\n various applications based on the discoveries of
\nProfessor Michel Revel and other Weizmann Institute
\nof Science scientists. But, as is often the case in
\nscientific-medical research, the interferons did not
\nfulfill their initial promise of fighting cancer. Instead,
\nthey surprised the researchers by offering a solution
\n to a different problem. It turns out that one type of
\n interferon, beta interferon, eases the symptoms of
\n multiple sclerosis. Rebif \u2013 the drug developed on
\nthis basis by Interpharm \u2013 is sold today worldwide
\nfor more than $500, million per annum.
\n.
\nThe lesson of this story is that basic research
\n can lead to unimagined places. No pharmaceutical,
\nhigh-tech or biotech company would have permitted
\n two teams to work side-by-side, in parallel, on
\nfinding a solution to the very same problem \u2013
\nusing methods that differed so completely from
\n each other. On the level of rational economic
\nplanning, there is no logic to developing two
\nproducts that might compete with each other in
\n a relatively limited market. But in practice, this
\nis precisely what is occurring today: Rebif does
\nindeed compete with Copaxone. In defiance of
\nthe economic concept of "project management,"
\n however, both have reaped profits; there are no
\n losers. This is perhaps the main secret behind
\nthe success story of science and advanced
\nindustry in Israel: the parallel and independent
\nexistence of a number of tracks searching for
\nsolutions to similar problems. Heightened
\n individualism, intellectual independence and
\n sweeping skepticism all play a role. When one
\nsearches again and again, in various places and
\nin various ways, one eventually discovers.
\n\u201cSeek and ye shall find — believe in it,\u201d states
\n the Talmudic dictum.
\n.
\nThis is precisely the path that led Professors
\nAvram Hershko and Aaron Ciechanover of
\nthe Technion to discover the ubiquitin system
\nfor the degradation of proteins in the cell \u2013 a
\n discovery that brought them the Nobel Prize
\nfor Chemistry in 2004 (together with the American
\n Professor Irving Rose). A number of Israeli
\ncompanies are currently attempting to apply their
\n discoveries to developing cancer-fighting drugs.
\nThis path also led Professor Ada Yonath of the
\nWeizmann Institute to persevere for three decades,
\ndisregarding the negative prospects and expert
\nevaluations, in her ambitious search for the
\nthree-dimensional spatial structure of ribosome.
\nThis research, which won Professor Yonath the
\n Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2009, has led to an
\nunderstanding of the working mechanisms of
\nvarious antibiotic drugs, which, in turn, may
\nlead to the development of advanced drugs
\nagainst bacteria resistant to current antibiotics.
\n.
\nAnother scientist, Professor Joseph Itzkowitz
\nof the Technion, was one of the first in the
\nworld to succeed in growing human stem
\ncells in cell cultures \u2013 that is, outside the body.
\n These cultured cells might one day be used to
\nreplace damaged cells in the body or to cure
\ndegenerative diseases. Professor Yair Reisner,
\nChairman of the Weizmann Institute\u2019s Immunology
\n Department, discovered "time windows" for
\ntransplanting stem cells from one living species
\nto another. Thus, for example, he succeeded in
\n growing a functional human kidney in a mouse.
\n The long-range goal of these studies is to
\ndevelop methods for using pig stem cells to
\nhelp overcome the severe shortage of human
\norgans for transplant. Here, we find evidence
\n for the considerable shortcuts that have been
\ndeveloped to move such discoveries from the
\n scientific research laboratory to the pharmaceutical
\nand biotechnology companies. It took Copaxone
\n 30 years to cover the distance from the beginnings
\n of the basic research to the final application; in
\nReisner\u2019s case, a biotechnological company
\ndedicated to developing applications based on his
\n transplant methods was established the same year
\n he published his original findings.
\n.
\nOther drugs developed in Israel are a growth
\nhormone to prevent dwarfism, produced by the
\n General Biotechnological Company of Nes
\nZiona, and the drug Exelon, for the treatment
\nof Alzheimer\u2019s disease, based on the research
\nof Professor Marta Rosin-Weinstock at the Hebrew
\n University of Jerusalem. Total sales of the latter
\ndrug are approaching $420 million.
\n.
\nMedical instruments developed in Israel include,
\n inter alia, laser-based surgery tools, medical
\nscanners (tomography systems), nuclear medicine
\ntechniques, and miniature video cameras encased
\n in an oral pill that can photograph the digestive
\n tract and identify cancerous tumors. The Israeli
\ndeveloper of arterial stents, Medinol, made headlines
\n when it won a victory over the American company
\nBoston Scientific in a struggle for patent rights. A
\nmethod for analyzing data from MRI scans
\ndeveloped by Weizmann Institute Professor
\nHadassa Degani currently enables the very early
\nrapid and non-intrusive identification of breast cancer.
\nWith this method, doctors can distinguish between
\ncancerous and benign growths, obviating the need
\nfor a biopsy \u2013 a painful, often traumatic and always
\n expensive procedure.
\n.
\nInevitably, quite a few of the scientific-technological
\n applications developed in Israel have been intended
\n for defense, including aim and control systems
\nfor tanks and artillery, night vision systems and
\n guided missiles of various types. The R&D for
\nthese innovations is very expensive; and since the
\nIsraeli defense establishment can purchase only
\nrelatively small quantities of any new system, the
\ndevelopers generally recoup their investments by
\noffering their products on the world market. Thus
\n a an export branch has sprung up \u2013 one whose
\nvolume, according to various publications, totals
\nseveral billion dollars per annum. This is a veteran
\n industrial branch: In 1961, Israel launched its first
\n research rocket, Shavit II. Then, in the 1980s and
\n 1990s, Israel sent a number of communications
\nsatellites into orbit. One of the more famous of
\nthe many missiles developed in Israel, the Arrow,
\n was designed to destroy enemy missiles (such as
\nthe Scuds that Iraq launched against Israel during
\nthe first Gulf War) at a stratospheric altitude of
\n20 to 40 km. A number of tests recently performed
\n on these missiles have proved successful.
\n.
\nThe Israeli company Scitex was a global pioneer
\n in developing computerized systems for printing
\n and graphics. Indigo, which took the lead in this
\n field, recently merged with Hewlett-Packard, and
\n the technology they developed now constitutes
\na global standard. But the crowning glory of Israel\u2019s
\n cutting-edge industry is undoubtedly the software
\n industry. Because it consumes few tangible
\nresources, this industry\u2019s products have the highest
\nadded value. Everywhere in Israel, groups of
\nadolescents dream of establishing a high-tech
\ncompany, developing a global consumer product
\nand making a killing \u201cof a few millions." This
\nfantasy begins to sound less ridiculous when we
\n recall, for example, the \u201cfantastic four\u201d who
\ndeveloped the Internet message system ICQ and
\nthen sold their company, Mirabilis, to America
\n Online for slightly over $400 million. Dozens of
\nsimilar stories are circulating at any point in time
\nin the Israeli rumor mill; discussions on how to
\n develop a high-tech consumer product can be
\noverheard in cafes from the ritzy shores of Herzliya
\nPituach to the crumbling alleyways of old Jaffa.
\nOther companies that do not want to go the
\nacquisition route, preferring to continue manufacturing
\n and leading in their field, are valued on the
\nNASDAQ exchange at billions of dollars. Gil Schwed,
\n developer of the firewall concept to protect
\ncomputerized systems and the founder and CEO of
\n Check Point, is today\u2019s ultimate Israeli hero and role
\nmodel for nine out of ten Israeli youth.
\n.
\nBy their nature, advanced industries require educated
\nemployees, especially those with advanced degrees
\n in the sciences. The biotechnology industry alone \u2013
\nconsidered the smallest branch of Israel\u2019s high-tech
\n industry \u2013 currently includes 200 factories employing
\n more than 5000 workers. The overwhelming demand
\n for workers with a scientific education led to the
\nestablishment of an additional four research universities
\non top of the three "founding fathers" \u2013 the Weizmann
\n Institute, the Technion and the Hebrew University.
\nBar-Ilan University was founded in 1955; Tel Aviv
\nUniversity in 1956, and Haifa University and Ben-Gurion
\nUniversity of the Negev in 1972. In addition, Israel\u2019s
\nOpen University was set up in 1973. Last year, no
\nfewer than 125,000 students were enrolled in these
\ninstitutions \u2013 80 times the number of university
\nstudents in the early years of the State of Israel \u2013
\nthis despite the fact that the population increased by
\nonly a factor of ten in the same period. Yet even
\nthis did not suffice: The pressure at the university
\n gates was so immense that scores of local colleges
\nhave been founded around the country, and these
\nhave been authorized to award bachelor\u2019s degrees
\nin law, engineering, computerized design and
\nmore. About 70,000 students now study at these
\ncolleges.
\n.
\nGeneral scientific knowledge is a vital tool for
\nevery Israeli citizen; to disseminate this knowledge,
\nspecial departments for science teaching were
\ncreated in almost every university in Israel, working
\n to raise the level of scientific education in junior
\n and senior high schools in Israel. Scientists and
\neducators cooperate to develop new educational
\nprograms, write updated textbooks (in Hebrew
\nand Arabic) and create games and educational
\nsoftware. Special training programs for science
\nteachers are given priority in these departments.
\n.
\nThe young Israeli is stereotypically rebellious;
\ninstitutionalized frameworks do not always contribute
\noptimally to his or her learning experience. To
\ncapture the attention of these children and stimulate
\nthe interest of science-oriented youth, a number of
\nuniversities have initiated special units that offer
\nscience workshops, math by mail clubs, a national
\nmathematics Olympiad, physics tournaments,
\nsoftware writing competitions, summer camps for
\nscience-loving youth, after-school groups, popular
\n lectures on scientific subjects, astronomical
\nobservation and more. Tens of thousands of children
\n and adolescents participate each in year in
\nthese programs.
\n.
\nUltimately, science and advanced industry are
\n not merely promising pathways to a better personal
\n future for Israel\u2019s young people. If used properly,
\nthey can open a channel toward peace in the region.
\n Trans-border scientific activity such as the SESAME
\n project (Synchrotron-light for Experimental
\nScience and Applications in the Middle East) can
\n bring people of different cultures and nations
\ntogether. SESAME is a synchrotron under
\nconstruction on Jordanian soil near the Al-Balqa
\n Applied University outside the city of As Salt
\nthat will be used by scientists from all the countries
\n in the region: Israel, Egypt, Jordan, the Palestinian
\nAuthority, the Union of Arab Emirates, Turkey,
\nIran and Pakistan.<\/p>\n

.
\nA synchrotron is a giant, ring-shaped tube in
\nwhich electrons are accelerated to nearly the
\nspeed of light. In research stations located around
\nthe ring, scientific experiments are performed
\nusing the powerful X-ray radiation emitted
\nwhen the electrons accelerate. The synchrotron
\nis basically a type of particle accelerator, but many
\n scientists use it as a sort of giant microscope
\nthat enables them to image molecules and atoms.
\n SESAME will produce five rays suited for
\nresearch in nanotechnology, nuclear medicine,
\nvarious types of spectroscopy, atomic and
\nmolecular physics, archaeology, environmental
\nsciences, the development of new drugs, etc.
\n.
\nThe idea of building a synchrotron accelerator
\nto serve Middle Eastern countries, originally
\nproposed by Professor Hermann Winick of
\nStanford University, was promoted by a number
\n of Israeli scientists including Professor Eliezer
\nRabinovici of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
\nand Professors Irit Sagi and Joel Sussman of the
\nWeizmann Institute\u2019s Structural Biology
\nDepartment.
\n.
\nToday, even before the accelerator has begun
\nworking, it is already becoming clear that this project
\nexemplifies international cooperation in science.
\n The technical director of the project is an Italian,
\n Dr. Gaetano Vignola. Working closely with him
\nare Jordanians, Palestinians, Iranians, Moroccans
\n and Turks. The German president of the SESAME
\nCouncil, Professor Herwig Schopper, was recently
\nreplaced by a British scientist, Professor Chris
\n Llewellyn Smith. Its scientific director is Professor
\n Khaled Toukan, Jordan\u2019s Minister for Higher
\nEducation and Scientific Research. Professor Irit
\nSagi of the Weizmann Institute of Science is a member
\n of the project's international steering committee,
\nand scientists from the region's countries, who are
\nlikely to be the main consumers of the facility, visit
\n with her from time to time and are constantly updated
\non the project's progress. A number of regional
\nscientific workshops have already led to the
\ndevelopment of a multinational network and to the
\n foundation of an international exchange program
\nfor young scientists and students that exposes students
\n from the Arab countries to the cutting edge of global
\nscience. Israel's readiness to participate in the project
\n and invest in it is considered a confidence-building
\nmeasure, attesting to its peaceful intentions. Hence,
\nmore than 50 years after the death of Chaim Weizmann,
\n the first president of both the State of Israel and the
\nWeizmann Institute of Science, practical measures
\nare being taken to promote his scientific-political
\n vision of science's role in bringing peace to our
\nregion.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

. \u05d2\u05e8\u05e1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0 . It took a hundred years of solitude to wean Israelis away from their idealistic aspiration of becoming a \u201cpeople like any other people\u201d and turn them away from manual labor, back to a way of life predicated on knowledge and research . In the year 1924, … <\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[173,28,242,513],"class_list":["post-1943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-11","tag-173","tag-28","tag-242","tag-513","nodate","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1943"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2073,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1943\/revisions\/2073"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1943"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/azgad.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}